Hypothesis:
conjugate vaccines may predispose children to autism spectrum disorders.
the
potential effects of conjugate vaccines on neural development merit close
examination. Conjugate vaccines fundamentally change the manner in which the
immune systems of infants and young children function by deviating their immune
responses to the targeted carbohydrate antigens from a state of
hypo-responsiveness to a robust B2 B cell mediated response. This period of
hypo-responsiveness to carbohydrate antigens coincides with the intense
myelination process in infants and young children, and conjugate vaccines may
have disrupted evolutionary forces that favored early brain development over
the need to protect infants and young children from capsular bacteria.
Serological
association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies
in autism.
Considering
an autoimmunity and autism connection, brain autoantibodies to myelin basic
protein (anti-MBP) and neuron-axon filament protein (anti-NAFP) have been found
in autistic children. In this current study, we examined associations between
virus serology and autoantibody by simultaneous analysis of measles virus
antibody (measles-IgG), human herpesvirus-6 antibody (HHV-6-IgG), anti-MBP, and
anti-NAFP. We found that measles-IgG and HHV-6-IgG titers were moderately
higher in autistic children but they did not significantly differ from normal
controls. Moreover, we found that a vast majority of virus serology-positive
autistic sera was also positive for brain autoantibody: (i) 90% of
measles-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-MBP; (ii) 73% of
measles-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-NAFP; (iii) 84%
of HHV-6-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-MBP; and (iv)
72% of HHV-6-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-NAFP. This
study is the first to report an association between virus serology and brain
autoantibody in autism; it supports the hypothesis that a virus-induced
autoimmune response may play a causal role in autism.
How
aluminum, an intracellular ROS generator promotes hepatic and neurological
diseases: the metabolic tale Metal pollutants are a global health risk due to
their ability to contribute to a variety of diseases. Aluminum (Al), a
ubiquitous environmental contaminant is implicated in anemia, osteomalacia,
hepatic disorder, and
neurological
disorder. In this review, we outline how this intracellular generator of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggers a metabolic shift towards lipogenesis in
astrocytes and hepatocytes. This Al-evoked phenomenon is coupled to diminished
mitochondrial activity, anerobiosis, and the channeling of α-ketoacids towards
anti-oxidant defense. The resulting metabolic reconfiguration leads to fat
accumulation and a reduction in ATP synthesis, characteristics that are common
to numerous medical disorders. Hence, the ability of Al toxicity to create an
oxidative environment promotes dysfunctional metabolic processes in astrocytes
and hepatocytes. These molecular events triggered by Al-induced ROS production
are the potential mediators of brain and liver disorders.”
Empirical
Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure
“Autism is a condition characterized by impaired cognitive and social skills,
associated with compromised immune function. The incidence is alarminglyon the
rise, and environmental factors are increasingly suspected to play a role. This
paper investigates word frequency patterns in the U.S. CDC Vaccine Adverse
Events Reporting System (VAERS) database. Our results provide strong evidence
supporting a link between autism and the aluminum in vaccines. A literature
review showing toxicity of aluminum in human physiology offers further support.
Mentions of autism in VAERS increased steadily at the end of the last century,
during a period when mercury was being phased out, while aluminum adjuvant
burden was being increased. Using standard log-likelihood ratio techniques, we
identify several signs and symptoms that are significantly more prevalent in
vaccine reports after 2000, including cellulitis, seizure, depression, fatigue,
pain and death, which are also significantly associated with
aluminum-containing vaccines. We propose that children with the autism
diagnosis are especially vulnerable to toxic metals such as aluminum and
mercury due to insufficient serum sulfate and glutathione. A strong correlation
between autism and the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is also observed,
which may be partially explained via an increased sensitivity to acetaminophen
administered to control fever.”
Acetaminophen
use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was SIGNIFICANTLY associated with
autistic disorder when considering children 5 years of age or less, after
limiting cases to children with regression in development and when considering
only children who had post-vaccination sequelae adjusting for age, gender,
mother’s ethnicity, and the presence of illness concurrent with measles-mumps-rubella
vaccination. Ibuprofen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was
not
associated with autistic disorder. This preliminary study found that
acetaminophen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was associated with
autistic disorder.
A 1%
increase in vaccination was associated with an additional 680 children having
AUT or SLI. Neither parental behavior nor access to care affected the results,
since vaccination proportions were not significantly related (statistically) to
any other disability or to the number of pediatricians in a U.S. state. The
results suggest that although mercury has been removed from many vaccines,
other culprits may link vaccines to autism. Further study into the relationship
between vaccines and autism is warranted”
“Administration
of thimerosal to infant rats increases overflow of glutamate and aspartate in
the prefrontal cortex: protective role of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
“In summary, the present study documents that exposure of infant rats to THIM
perturbs the balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the
brain, shifting it toward excessive neuroexcitation. Despite of intrinsic
limitations, present findings have important clinical implications, as they
provide a plausible mechanism, whereby THIM exerts neurotoxic effects in the
brain. It is likely that this mercurial—still present in pediatric vaccines in
many countries—causes a similar disturbance of excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmitters in the brains of human infants, leading to neurotoxicity,
encephalopaties, and in consequence to
neurodevelopmental
disorders, including autism..*On the whole, the current study provides further
empirical evidence that exposure to THIM leads to neurotoxic changes in the
developing brain, arguing for urgent and permanent removal of this preservative
from all vaccines for children (and adults) since effective, less toxic and
less costly alternatives are available. The stubborn insistence of some vaccine
manufacturers and health agencies on continuation of use of this proven
neurotoxin in vaccines is testimony of their disregard for both the health of
young generations and for the environment.*
Thimerosal,
an organomercurial added as a preservative to some vaccines, is a suspected
iatrogenic factor, possibly contributing to paediatric neurodevelopmental
disorders including autism. We examined the effects of early postnatal
administration of thimerosal (four i.m. injections, 12 or 240 μg THIM-Hg/kg, on
postnatal days 7, 9, 11 and 15) on brain pathology in Wistar rats. Numerous
neuropathological changes were observed in young adult rats which were treated
postnatally with thimerosal. They included: ischaemic degeneration of neurons
and “dark” neurons in the prefrontal and temporal cortex, the hippocampus and
the cerebellum, pathological changes of the blood vessels in the temporal
cortex, diminished synaptophysin reaction in the hippocampus, atrophy of
astroglia in the hippocampus and cerebellum, and positive caspase-3 reaction in
Bergmann astroglia. These findings document neurotoxic effects of thimerosal,
at doses equivalent to those used in infant vaccines or higher, in developing
rat brain, suggesting likely involvement of this mercurial in
neurodevelopmental disorders.
“Autoimmunity
to the central nervous system (CNS), especially to myelin basic protein (MBP),
may play a causal role in autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder. Because many
autistic children harbor elevated levels of measles antibodies, we conducted a
serological study of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and MBP autoantibodies. Using
serum samples of 125 autistic children and 92 control children, antibodies were
assayed by ELISA or immunoblotting methods. ELISA analysis showed a significant
increase in the level of MMR antibodies in autistic children. Immunoblotting
analysis revealed the presence of an unusual MMR antibody in 75 of 125 (60%)
autistic sera but not in control sera. This antibody specifically detected a
protein of 73-75 kD of MMR. This protein band, as analyzed with monoclonal anti
bodies, was immunopositive for measles hemagglutinin (HA) protein but not for
measles nucleoprotein and rubella or mumps viral proteins. Thus the MMR
antibody in autistic sera detected measles HA protein, which is unique to the
measles subunit of the vaccine. Furthermore, over 90% of MMR
antibody-positive
autistic sera were also positive for MBP autoantibodies, suggesting a strong
association between MMR and CNS autoimmunity in autism. Stemming from this
evidence, we suggest that an inappropriate antibody response to MMR,
specifically the measles component thereof, might be related to pathogenesis of
autism.”
The
main route of Al excretion is the urine; therefore, subjects with kidney
malfunction or immature kidney, such as nephropathy patients or neonates, might
experience toxic accumulation of Al in the body [12]. Infant formula is the
primary food source for bottle-fed neonates. The study of Yuan et al reviewed
several other studies and reported that most commercial infant formulas
contained higher Al (6.5 μM to 87 μM) than human breast milk (0.2 μM to 1.7 μM)
[12]. Infants display rapid growth and their brain-blood-barrier,
detoxification system (liver), and excretory system (kidney) are not
well-developed [13,14]. Aluminum can
cross
the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in glial and neural cells [15]. Thus,
high intake of Al-containing formula might cause accumulation of Al in the
neonatal brain, interfering with appropriate development. In previous studies,
exposure to excess dietary Al during gestation and lactation periods had no
toxic effects on the mother, but resulted in persistent neurobehavioral
deficits in the pups, such as defects in the sensory motor reflexes, locomotor
activity, learning capability, and cognitive behavior [16,17]. These behavioral
studies, therefore, suggested that Al exposure might cause developmental
changes in neonatal brain. Until recently, a marker with which to effectively
detect neonatal brain development was lacking. The group’s previous study with
Al treatment in neonatal rat hippocampal neurons at concentrations of 37 μM and
74 μM for 14 days significantly reduced NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor)
expression which was used as a
marker
of brain development. This suggested that Al exposure might influence the
development of hippocampal neurons in neonatal rats.
Failure
of the excretory system influences elimination of heavy metals and facilitates
their accumulation and subsequent manifestation as neurotoxins: the long-term
consequences of which would lead to neurodegeneration, cognitive and
developmental problems. It may also influence regulation of neural
hyperthermia. This article explores the issues and concludes that sensory
dysfunction and systemic failure, manifested as autism, is the inevitable
consequence arising from subtle DNA alteration and consequently from the
overuse of vaccines.
Lasting
neuropathological changes in rat brain after intermittent neonatal
administration of thimerosal. “These findings document neurotoxic effects of
thimerosal, at doses equivalent to those used in infant vaccines or higher, in
developing rat brain, suggesting likely involvement of this mercurial in
neurodevelopmental disorders”
The
ACIP policy recommendation of routinely administering influenza vaccine during
pregnancy is ill-advised and unsupported by current scientific literature, and
it should be withdrawn. Use of thimerosal during pregnancy should be
contraindicated. adult influenza vaccines contain an equivalent of 25 µg of
mercury per dose (Table 1). An average-sized pregnant woman receiving an
influenza vaccine will be exposed to organic mercury that exceeds the EPA limit
by a factor of 3.5
(Table
4). The fetus could potentially receive a dose of mercury that exceeds
EPAlimits by a much larger factor. Furthermore, fetal blood mercury
concentrations have been shown to be as much as 4.3 times the maternal level.
Alarger proportion of ethyl mercury accumulates in fetal tissues relative to
maternal tissues, especially in the central nervous system. The observation of
a 7.8-15.7% prevalence of elevated umbilical cord mercury in the United States,
at levels associated with loss of IQ, adds to the significance of additional
mercury exposure from prenatal vaccination.
Autism:
a novel form of mercury poisoning “Thimerosal, a preservative added to many
vaccines, has become a major source of mercury in children who, within their
first two years, may have received a quantity of mercury that exceeds safety
guidelines. A review of medical literature and US government data suggests
that: (i) many cases of idiopathic autism are induced by early mercury exposure
from thimerosal; (ii) this type of autism represents an unrecognized mercurial
syndrome; and (iii) genetic and non-genetic factors establish a predisposition
whereby thimerosal’s adverse effects occur only in some children.”
'Aluminum
hydroxide injections lead to motor deficits and motor neuron degeneration.”
“Possible causes of GWS include several of the adjuvants in the anthrax vaccine
and others. The most likely culprit appears to be aluminum hydroxide. In an
initial series of experiments, we examined the potential toxicity of aluminum
hydroxide in male, outbred CD-1 mice injected subcutaneously in two
equivalent-to-human doses. After sacrifice, spinal cord and motor cortex
samples were examined by immunohistochemistry. Aluminum-treated mice showed
significantly increased apoptosis of motor neurons and increases in reactive
astrocytes and microglial proliferation within the spinal cord and cortex.
Morin stain detected the presence of aluminum in the cytoplasm of motor neurons
with some neurons also testing positive for the presence of
hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, a pathological hallmark of various
neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal
dementia. A second series of experiments was conducted on mice injected with
six doses of aluminum hydroxide. Behavioural analyses in these mice revealed
significant impairments in a number of motor functions as well as diminished
spatial memory capacity. The demonstrated neurotoxicity of aluminum hydroxide
and its relative ubiquity as an adjuvant suggest that greater scrutiny by the
scientific community is warranted.”
A case
series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting
with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. The Institutional
Review Board of the Institute for Chronic Illnesses (Office for Human Research
Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, IRB number
IRB00005375) approved the present study. A case series of nine patients who
presented to the Genetic Centers of America for a genetic/developmental
evaluation are discussed. Eight of nine patients (one patient was found to have
an ASD due to Rett’s syndrome) (a) had regressive ASDs; (b) had elevated levels
of androgens; (c) excreted significant amounts of mercury post chelation
challenge; (d) had biochemical evidence of decreased function in their glutathione
pathways; (e) had no known significant mercury exposure except from
Thimerosal-containing vaccines/Rho(D)-immune globulin preparations; and (f) had
alternate causes for their regressive ASDs ruled out. There was a significant
dose-response relationship between the severity of the regressive ASDs observed
and the total mercury dose children received from Thimerosal-containing
vaccines/Rho (D)-immune globulin preparations. Based upon differential
diagnoses, 8 of 9 patients examined were exposed to significant mercury from
Thimerosal-containing biologic/vaccine preparations during their fetal/infant
developmental periods, and subsequently, between 12 and 24 mo of age, these
previously normally developing children suffered mercury toxic encephalopathies
that manifested with clinical symptoms consistent with regressive ASDs.
Evidence for mercury intoxication should be considered in the differential
diagnosis as contributing to some regressive ASDs.
Detection
of Measles Virus Genomic RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Regressive
Autism: a Report of Three Cases.
In
light of encephalopathy presenting as autistic regression (autistic
encephalopathy, AE) closely following measles-mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccination,
three children underwent cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) assessments including studies
for measles virus(MV). All three children had concomitant onset of
gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and had already had MV genomic RNA detected in
biopsies ofileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia(LNH). Presence of MV Fusion(F)
gene was examined by TaqMan real- time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) in cases and control CSF samples. The latter were obtained from three
non- autistic MMR-vaccinated children with indwelling shunts for hydrocephalus.
None of the cases or controls had a history of measles exposure other than MMR
vaccination. Serum and CSF samples were also evaluated for antibodies to MV and
myelin basic protein(MBP). MV F gene was present in CSF from all three cases,
but not in controls. Genome copy number ranged from 3.7×10 to 2.42×10 per ng of
RNA total. Serum anti-MBP autoantibodies were detected in all children with AE.
Anti-MBP and MV antibodies were detected in the CSF of two cases, while the
third child had neither anti-MBP nor MV antibodies detected in his CSF.
Findings are consistent with both an MV (measles virus) etiology for the AE
(autistic encephalopathy) and active viral replication in these children. They
further indicate the possibility of a virally driven cerebral immunopathology
in some cases of regressive autism.
Conclusion:
Susceptibility to ASD has moderate genetic heritability and a substantial
shared twin environmental component.
Universal
hepatitis B vaccination was recommended for U.S. newborns in 1991; however,
safety findings are mixed. The association between hepatitis B vaccination of
male neonates and parental report of autism diagnosis was determined.
Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds for autism diagnosis
associated with neonatal hepatitis B vaccination among boys age 3-17 years,
born before 1999, adjusted for race, maternal education, and two-parent
household. Boys vaccinated as neonates had threefold greater odds for autism
diagnosis compared to boys never vaccinated or vaccinated after the first month
of life.
Non-Hispanic
white boys were 64% less likely to have autism diagnosis relative to nonwhite
boys. Findings suggest that U.S. male neonates vaccinated with the hepatitis B
vaccine prior to 1999 (from vaccination record) had a threefold higher risk for
parental report of autism diagnosis compared to boys not vaccinated as neonates
during that same time period. Nonwhite boys bore a greater risk.”
Administration
of thimerosal to infant rats increases overflow of glutamate and aspartate in
the prefrontal cortex: protective role of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Our
data imply that neonatal exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines might
induce excitotoxic brain injuries, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
DHEAS may partially protect against mercurials-induced neurotoxicity.
There
is a compelling argument that the occurrence of regressive autism is
attributable to genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, arising from the overuse
of vaccines, which subsequently affects the stability and function of the
autonomic nervous system and physiological systems.
The
reason for the rapid rise of autism in the United States that began in the
1990s is a mystery. Although individuals probably have a genetic predisposition
to develop autism, researchers suspect that one or more environmental triggers
are also needed. One of those triggers might be the battery of vaccinations
that young children receive
Thus
the MMR antibody in autistic sera detected measles HA protein, which is unique
to the measles subunit of the vaccine. Furthermore, over 90% of MMR
antibody-positive autistic sera were also positive for MBP autoantibodies,
suggesting a strong association between MMR and CNS autoimmunity in autism.
Stemming from this evidence, we suggest that an inappropriate antibody response
to MMR, specifically the measles component thereof, might be related to
pathogenesis of autism.
By
applying Hill's criteria for establishing causality between exposure and
outcome we investigated whether exposure to Al from vaccines could be
contributing to the rise in ASD prevalence in the Western world. Our results
show that: (i) children from countries with the highest ASD prevalence appear
to have the highest exposure to Al from vaccines; (ii) the increase in exposure
to Al adjuvants significantly correlates with the increase in ASD prevalence in
the United States observed over the last two decades
Eight
of nine patients (one patient was found to have an ASD due to Rett's syndrome)
(a) had regressive ASDs; (b) had elevated levels of androgens; (c) excreted
significant amounts of mercury post chelation challenge; (d) had biochemical
evidence of decreased function in their glutathione pathways; (e) had no known
significant mercury exposure except from Thimerosal-containing
vaccines/Rho(D)-immune globulin preparations; and (f) had alternate causes for
their regressive ASDs ruled out
Conjugate
vaccines fundamentally change the manner in which the immune systems of infants
and young children function by deviating their immune responses to the targeted
carbohydrate antigens from a state of hypo-responsiveness to a robust B2 B cell
mediated response. This period of hypo-responsiveness to carbohydrate
antigens coincides with the intense myelination process in infants and young
children, and conjugate vaccines may have disrupted evolutionary forces that
favored early brain development
Recently
emerging evidence suggests that mercury, especially from childhood vaccines,
appears to be a factor in the development of the autistic disorders
One
possible factor underlying these increases is increased exposure to mercury
through thimerosal-containing vaccines
This
mechanism explains the link between excessive vaccination, use of aluminum and
ethylmercury as vaccine adjuvants, food allergies, gut dysbiosis, and abnormal
formation of the developing brain. It has now been shown that chronic microglial
activation is present in autistic brains from age 5 years to age 44 years
A
dose-response relationship between organic mercury exposure from
thimerosal-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders.
A
positive association found between autism prevalence and childhood vaccination
uptake across the U.S. population.
Emerging
evidence supports the theory that some autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may
result from a combination of genetic/biochemical susceptibility,
specifically a reduced ability to excrete mercury (Hg), and exposure to Hg at
critical developmental periods
Documented
causes of autism include genetic mutations and/or deletions, viral infections,
and encephalitis following vaccination
Immune
challenges during early development, including those vaccine-induced, can lead
to permanent detrimental alterations of the brain and immune function
We
present a singleton case of developmental regression and oxidative
phosphorylation disorder in a 19-month-old girl. The patient’s pediatrician
diagnosed this as due to varicella vaccination
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